Depending on the European Social Survey data availability, the line charts compare the change from 2002 up to either 2020, or 2023. The shown category of regular church attendees was calculated by merging relative numbers of people who replied “every day”, “once a week”,”more than once a week”, “at least once a month” to the ESS question “Apart from special occasions such as weddings or funerals, about how often do you attend religious services nowadays?”. During the covid pandemic, the survey was conducted via face-to-face interviews in some countries, while other countries collected data via self-completion methods (online and postal).